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Sludge is a semi-solid mix of organic and inorganic materials that settles during water treatment. While not harmful initially, untreated sludge can harbor pathogens, pollute waterways, and create unpleasant odors. It's made up of everything from dead microorganisms and discarded food particles to bits of paper and chemicals

Flocculation is a process in which small particles in a liquid clump together to form larger particles, or flocs. This can be done by adding a flocculant, which is a substance that helps to destabilize the particles and make them more likely to clump together. Flocculation is used in a variety of industries, including water treatment, wastewater treatment, and mining.

Digital water treatment is the use of digital technologies to improve the efficiency, effectiveness, and sustainability of water treatment processes. These technologies can be used to monitor water quality, optimize treatment processes, and manage water resources.

Magnetite is a black iron oxide mineral that is naturally magnetic. It is the most magnetic of all naturally occurring minerals, and it is used in a variety of applications, including magnets, jewelry, and water treatment.

Microbiologically induced corrosion (MIC) is a type of corrosion that is caused by the presence of microorganisms. These microorganisms can produce acids, gases, and other substances that can damage metal surfaces. MIC can occur in a variety of environments, including seawater, freshwater, soil, and industrial fluids.

Biocides are substances that kill or inhibit the growth of living organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and algae.